The latest sibling fixed effects establish 65% of your own version inside knowledge in this attempt

_gt which capture the differences between groups g at time-wave t. We specify two main groups – provinces and villages. The individuals in our sample span 20 provinces and over 1600 villages. Footnote 9 Including these fixed effects in the estimation controls for unobserved differences between, say, villages that influence the outcome variables. For example, access to formal employment may be lower in some villages than others. If more people who were married early live in such villages, then not controlling for which village the respondents live in will confound the effect of early marriage and the probability of having a formal job. We also interact those groups with the time the survey was conducted to account for differential time trends across provinces or villages. By using village fixed effects we are comparing individuals who marry early with those who do not but who live in the same village, and therefore are exposed to similar conditions, like traditions, culture and institutional settings. As people within a village are exposed to more similar conditions than people within a province, village fixed effects are likely to control more effectively for differences across individuals than province fixed effects. The inclusion of village fixed effects however comes at the cost of statistical power (as the coefficients are estimated off the more limited within-village variation).

Inside our take to you can find 676 siblings, out of which 302 was indeed ple (while they come from a family where a minumum of one girl is actually partnered early) features fathers with significantly down educational attainment, are more inclined to end up being Muslim, and are expected to are now living in rural portion

If we explore brand new the total amount that province and village repaired consequences bring variations in public and you can monetary downside by the investigating its power to define adaptation from inside the academic attainment, we find your village fixed effects explain over 29% associated with variation, much more versus step 3% informed me by province repaired consequences. A lot of the type try but not within communities.

I earliest introduce estimations one control to own province*time-trend FE and then town*time-wave FE. We next go one step after that because of the presenting efficiency in which we guess sibling repaired effects patterns where coefficients was projected out-of comparisons away from sisters, one of exactly who got hitched early together with almost every other which performed perhaps not. This review control for everyone loved ones attributes, one another observable and you may unobservable, experienced of the siblings e.g., members of the family records. It although not cuts down on the brand new shot. Such results are for this reason best read as actually applicable in order to houses out-of significantly more traditional and lower socio-monetary house. Footnote ten

Finally, ?_ihvt is an error term. We cluster the standard errors at the village ? time-wave level to account for correlation in the errors between individuals in the same village at a given time. For the sister fixed effects estimation we cluster the standard errors at the sister ? time-wave level. We estimate Eq. 1 separately for men and women. Footnote 11

where ChY_ihvt are the child outcomes (medically supervised birth, having a birth certificate, infant mortality, anthropometric z-scores, underweight and stunting for children under the age of 5, cognitive development tests for those aged 7 to 14, educational attainment for those aged over 18). As in Eq. 1, we control for contemporaneous mother and household characteristics (X_ihvt), characteristics of the household in which the mother lived when she was 12 years old (MotherHCh_hv) and children’s own characteristics such as gender and age (Ch_ihvt). We use an identical fixed effects strategy as in Eq. (1) mГёte kvinner i Danmark and present province ? time-wave, village ? time-wave and, where possible, sisters ? time-wave fixed effects results.